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Peptides Explained

Research and regulatory news

In short

  • These are headlines collected automatically from a short list of non-commercial sources: medicines regulators, anti-doping authorities and research indexes. We have checked the sources, not each item.
Last reviewed

One new study is one data point. A mouse result, a cell experiment or a preprint is not evidence that something works in people. Before acting on a headline, read how to read a study.

Updated 22 October 2026

  1. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    Linafexor, a Pulsatile FXR Agonist, Augments Low-Dose Semaglutide for Weight Loss in Adults with Obesity, MASH, and Type 2 Diabetes

    Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists produce less weight loss in people with type 2 diabetes than without, and higher compensatory doses are limited by gastrointestinal adverse events and lean-mass loss--leaving patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  2. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    Excessive Weight Loss with Zepbound Is Associated with Higher Rates of Adverse Events, Electrolyte Imbalances, and Hospitalization than Moderate Weight Loss

    Zepbound (tirzepatide) is among the most effective obesity medicines for weight reduction, in both clinical trial and real-world settings. Product marketing largely centers on weight-loss magnitude, which may reinforce the expectation that larger reductions are always better…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  3. Peer-reviewed research

    Mitochondria-targeted peptide elamipretide alleviates cisplatin-induced ovarian failure by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway

    Zhao Y, Yan H, Wang L, et al.. Frontiers in pharmacology · Journal Article

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  4. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    Heart rate rises most during REM sleep after semaglutide initiation: a matched longitudinal cohort study

    Study Objectives: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists raise resting heart rate. We asked whether, after semaglutide initiation, the increase is larger during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Methods: In the Human…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  5. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    Pulmonary Aspiration and Related Outcomes Associated with Semaglutide and Tirzepatide: A Comparative Pharmacovigilance Study of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)

    Abstract Background Incretin-based therapies, including the GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide and the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonist tirzepatide, delay gastric emptying, raising clinical concerns regarding pulmonary aspiration. This study evaluates serious clinical outcomes…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  6. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    Overcoming Formulation Challenges Across Molecular Classes: Rapid FAST Nanoformulation of BCS Class II/IV Drugs and Therapeutic Peptides

    Poor aqueous solubility remains a major challenge in formulating BCS Class II and IV drugs, while therapeutic peptides face additional challenges in stability and biological delivery. In the present study, we evaluated Facilitated Self-Assembling Technology (FAST) for the rapid…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  7. Peer-reviewed research

    The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Improves Bioenergetics in Aging-Associated Granulosa Cells and Oocytes

    Tsui KH, Cheng SH, Lin LT, et al.. Reproduction & fertility · Journal Article

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  8. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    Metabolic Reprogramming by Time-Restricted Fasting Attenuates Astrocytic Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Apoptosis after Ischemic Stroke via BDH1/SLFN2/NRF2 Axis

    Abstract Metabolic disturbances in the brain and peripheral tissues after ischemic stroke exacerbate secondary brain injury and impede neurological recovery; however, effective targets and practical strategies for correcting these disturbances remain lacking. By integrating Bulk…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  9. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    Who Gets the Drug? Reimbursement, the Market and the Allocation of GLP-1 Agonists in Japan and China

    Abstract Obesity is recognised as a disease by the professional society that governs its treatment in Japan and by the health ministry in China, and semaglutide and tirzepatide are licensed for weight management in both. Who receives them is decided elsewhere. In Japan, where…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  10. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection Presenting with Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia in a Young Man Hospitalized for Pneumonia and Severe Coughing Episodes: A Case Report

    Abstract Background: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) accounts for approximately 5% of myocardial infarction (MI) cases and predominantly affects young women without traditional cardiovascular risk factors; it is markedly less common in men. Recognized triggers…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  11. Peer-reviewed research Review

    CagriSema versus Semaglutide 2.4 mg monotherapy for weight management in adults with overweight or obesity, with or without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis

    Rasool ZK, Shah R, Batool AEZ, et al.. Frontiers in endocrinology · Journal Article, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis

    Source: PubMed — incretin medicine trials and meta-analyses

  12. Peer-reviewed research

    Characterization of copper tripeptide-loaded lipid carriers and their stability in complex cosmetic matrices

    Ogórek K, Mierzwa M, Drozd M, et al.. Journal of chromatography. A · Journal Article

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  13. Peer-reviewed research Review

    Human evidence for BPC-157 in orthopaedic and regenerative medicine: a systematic review of efficacy and safety

    Poolton JT, Minett J, Kazmi A. Acta orthopaedica Belgica · Journal Article, Systematic Review

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  14. Peer-reviewed research Review

    Epitalon and Epithalamin: A Narrative Review of Mechanistic, Preclinical, and Clinical Evidence

    Jain A, Gallacher DM, Issa MA, et al.. International journal of molecular sciences · Journal Article, Review

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  15. Peer-reviewed research Review

    Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Crosstalk in Pancreatic β-Cell Stress: A Driver of Diabetes

    Niinuma SA, Takemoto AS, Khalil WJ, et al.. Cells · Journal Article, Review

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  16. Peer-reviewed research Human trial

    Body weight following a multidomain lifestyle intervention in older adults at risk of dementia - A post-hoc analysis of the AgeWell.de-trial

    Zülke AE, Schultz A, Luppa M, et al.. BMC geriatrics · Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

    Source: PubMed — ageing and longevity trials

  17. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    Continuing Semaglutide into the First Trimester of Pregnancy Is Not Associated with Maternal or Newborn Complications in Routine Care

    Semaglutide is recommended to be stopped 2 months before planned pregnancy, but maternal-fetal outcomes following continued exposure remain incompletely characterized. We examined 363,778 pregnancies between January 2018 and March 2025 in de-identified electronic health records…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  18. Peer-reviewed research Review

    Mitochondrial-derived peptides in female reproduction: Emerging regulators of oocyte competence and novel therapeutic opportunities for infertility

    Rostami Z, Galeshi M, Mosapour A. Tissue & cell · Journal Article, Review

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  19. Peer-reviewed research Review

    Case Report: Regenerative peptides for Inferior alveolar nerve injury: a narrative review with hypothesis-generating three clinical cases

    Froum S, Estrin N, Pico G, et al.. Frontiers in oral health · Case Reports, Journal Article

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  20. Peer-reviewed research

    Detection of CJC-1295 in Equine Plasma by ELISA

    Timms M, Cawley A, Steel R. Drug testing and analysis · Journal Article

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  21. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    Benzodiazepine Receptor Antagonism: Mechanistic Roles of Flumazenil and BPC-157 in Reversing Benzodiazepine Tolerance

    Abstract Introduction Chronic benzodiazepine (BZD) pharmacotherapy induces adaptive uncoupling between the GABA and benzodiazepine binding sites of the GABA-A receptor, contributing to tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal. Aim To synthesize mechanistic evidence on flumazenil's…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  22. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    In Vivo Transcriptomics-Based Framework for Systematic Indication Expansion

    Capturing the systemic effects of drugs in vivo remains a fundamental challenge for drug repurposing strategies. Here, we present an in vivo transcriptomics-based drug repurposing framework that profiles multi-organ RNA-seq from drug-treated rodents to model systemic drug…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  23. Peer-reviewed research Human trial

    Feasibility of Online and On-Site Physical Activity Delivery Among Older Adults: Mixed Methods Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

    Nilstomt A, Gustavsson J, Bäccman C, et al.. JMIR formative research · Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial, Pragmatic Clinical Trial

    Source: PubMed — ageing and longevity trials

  24. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    Real-World Twelve-Month Weight Loss Outcomes in a Comprehensive Obesity Care Program Utilizing Individualized Nutrition Therapy and Incretin-Based Obesity Medications

    Background Incretin-based obesity medications (IOMs) produce substantial weight loss, but the incremental benefit of structured nutritional therapy when integrated with pharmacotherapy remains unclear. Objectives To compare 12-month weight-loss outcomes between individualized…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  25. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    Electron Beam Terminal Sterilization of a Thermolabile Retatrutide Injectable in a Multidose Cartridge

    Background: Terminal sterilization is generally preferred for parenteral products when the formulation and container can tolerate the process. Retatrutide is a thermolabile peptide, making conventional moist heat unsuitable and creating a need to evaluate a nonthermal terminal…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  26. Peer-reviewed research Review

    Peptides in urology and sexual medicine: clinical effectiveness, dosing, indications, and safety: a narrative review

    Vasylieva V, West A, Karpman E. Sexual medicine reviews · Journal Article, Review

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  27. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    Cardiolipin as a Programmable Mitochondrial Signaling Hub: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies

    This study examines cardiolipin (CL) as a unique mitochondrial phospholipid that not only fulfills structural functions within the inner mitochondrial membrane but also acts as a programmable signaling hub. Current perspectives on CL biosynthesis, remodeling, and oxidative…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  28. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    Long-Tail Pharmacovigilance: The Semaglutide–NAION Case and a Pilot Benchmark for Language Models

    Drug-safety systems are built for the head of the distribution: common, anticipated adverse events that trials list in advance and frequency statistics rank first. The harms that matter most after wide use often lie in the tail—rare, unanticipated, or confined to vulnerable…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  29. Peer-reviewed research Review

    GLP-1 receptor agonists for obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

    Carvalhal G, Mora MMR, Peralta-Jiménez GA, et al.. Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · Journal Article, Meta-Analysis, Systematic Review

    Source: PubMed — incretin medicine trials and meta-analyses

  30. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Dual GIP/GLP-1 and Reduction in Major Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

    Background: Type 2 diabetes is a cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although gluca-gon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/GLP-1 receptor agonists improve cardiovascular outcomes, their comparative effects across…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  31. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    Semaglutide Exposure and Risk of Oral Mucositis, Systemic Complications, and Mortality After Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation: A Propensity-Matched Found Data Analysis

    Background: Oral mucositis is a major toxicity of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) signaling promotes epithelial repair and attenuates inflammation after high-dose chemotherapy, but its relationship to oral mucositis after…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  32. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    Post-Initiation Care Patterns and Weight Loss With Semaglutide and Tirzepatide for Obesity in Clinical Practice

    Background Randomized trials show substantial weight loss with semaglutide and tirzepatide under structured care, but little is known about whether patients in routine practice continue therapy, reach a maintenance dose, and have their weight measured. Objectives To describe the…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  33. Peer-reviewed research Review

    Gut microbiome and healthy ageing: a systematic review of literature

    Almatrafi R, Alqurainy N, Hakami M, et al.. Microbiology (Reading, England) · Journal Article, Systematic Review

    Source: PubMed — ageing and longevity trials

  34. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    From Oxyntomodulin to Retatrutide: Engineering Metabolic Polyagonism

    Oxyntomodulin (OXM), an endogenous proglucagon-derived peptide with dual glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and glucagon receptor (GCGR) agonism, provides a physiological precedent for contemporary multi-receptor pharmacology. Recognition that GCGR signaling regulates not…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  35. Preprint — not peer-reviewed Preprint

    Aging, Klotho, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Syndrome: From Biological Mechanisms to Personalized Prevention and Treatment

    Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome integrates three major chronic disease burdens — heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and metabolic dysfunction — into a unified pathophysiological framework. Accumulating evidence positions biological aging as the central…

    Source: Europe PMC — preprints

  36. Peer-reviewed research

    Elamipretide Rejuvenates Oocyte Quality and Restores Female Fertility During Reproductive Aging

    Zhang HL, Wang Y, Wang C, et al.. Aging cell · Journal Article

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  37. Peer-reviewed research Review

    Factors influencing access to green health prescribing in primary care for older adults - a qualitative systematic review

    Donoghue J, Butt F, Ley C, et al.. BMC medicine · Journal Article, Systematic Review, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

    Source: PubMed — ageing and longevity trials

  38. Peer-reviewed research Review

    Effectiveness of green health prescribing and nature-based interventions in primary care and community settings for older adults: a systematic review of health, wellbeing and social outcomes

    Butt F, Donoghue J, Ley C, et al.. BMC medicine · Journal Article, Systematic Review, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

    Source: PubMed — ageing and longevity trials

  39. Peer-reviewed research Human trial

    Cardiovascular safety of orforglipron versus insulin glargine in adults with type 2 diabetes at increased cardiovascular risk (ACHIEVE-4): a phase 3, event-driven, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority, active comparator trial

    Klein KR, Wysham C, Tuttle KR, et al.. Lancet (London, England) · Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial, Clinical Trial, Phase III, Multicenter Study, Equivalence Trial, Comparative Study

    Source: PubMed — incretin medicine trials and meta-analyses

  40. Peer-reviewed research Human trial

    A high intensity vs. casual speed walking intervention to reverse frailty among older adults: a cluster randomized controlled trial

    Danilovich M, Rubin DS, Conroy DE, et al.. PloS one · Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial

    Source: PubMed — ageing and longevity trials

  41. Peer-reviewed research Human trial

    Retatrutide in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes (TRIUMPH-2): a double-blind, parallel-group, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

    Bellido V, le Roux CW, Ekinci EI, et al.. Lancet (London, England) · Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial, Clinical Trial, Phase III, Multicenter Study

    Source: PubMed — incretin medicine trials and meta-analyses

  42. Peer-reviewed research Review

    GLP-1 receptor agonist exposure in the periconceptional period and adverse obstetric outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

    D'Antonio F, Flacco ME, Manzoli L, et al.. Med (New York, N.Y.) · Journal Article, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis

    Source: PubMed — incretin medicine trials and meta-analyses

  43. Peer-reviewed research Review

    BPC 157 in Rodent Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: A Critical Review of Preclinical Evidence

    Demirtaş H. International journal of molecular sciences · Journal Article, Review

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  44. Peer-reviewed research Review

    Mitochondrial Quality Control in Inherited Mitochondrial Cardiomyopathy: Convergent Pathobiology and a Testable Therapeutic Framework

    Lee CL, Chuang CK, Chang YH, et al.. International journal of molecular sciences · Journal Article, Review

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  45. Peer-reviewed research

    MOTS-c mediates remote ischemic preconditioning-induced protection against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury via NRF2-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis

    Sun J, Xu B, Wang D, et al.. Chinese medical journal · Journal Article

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  46. Peer-reviewed research Review

    Mitokines as bioenergetic stress signals in cardiovascular disease: mitochondrial communication, endocrine adaptation, and translational implications

    Kurian GA. Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes · Journal Article, Review

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  47. Peer-reviewed research Review

    Weight Reduction Heterogenicity and Mediators of GLP-1RAs and Dual Agonists for Individuals With Obesity: A Meta-Analysis

    Lu D, Li N, Yuan Z, et al.. Clinical obesity · Journal Article, Meta-Analysis, Review

    Source: PubMed — incretin medicine trials and meta-analyses

  48. Peer-reviewed research Review

    GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Musculoskeletal Outcomes: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis

    Beaudart C, Malréchauffé Y, van Heden S, et al.. Drugs · Journal Article, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis

    Source: PubMed — incretin medicine trials and meta-analyses

  49. Peer-reviewed research Review

    Can exercise improve surgical ergonomics? A systematic review

    Peiris N, Woodbury CF, Bennis S, et al.. Surgical endoscopy · Journal Article, Systematic Review

    Source: PubMed — ageing and longevity trials

  50. Peer-reviewed research Human trial

    Effects of semaglutide and empagliflozin on markers of endothelial function in persons with type 2 diabetes: A post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial

    Gullaksen S, Vernstrøm L, Sørensen SS, et al.. Journal of diabetes and its complications · Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

    Source: PubMed — incretin medicine trials and meta-analyses

  51. Peer-reviewed research Human trial

    Glycaemic Changes After Semaglutide Discontinuation in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Using Automated Insulin Delivery: Analysis of the ADJUST-T1D Extension Study

    Montaser E, Bhasin K, Kruger D, et al.. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial

    Source: PubMed — incretin medicine trials and meta-analyses

  52. Peer-reviewed research Review

    Comparative Efficacy of Tirzepatide Versus Semaglutide for Weight Loss in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Head-to-Head Studies

    Paccola GP, de Oliveira RF, Mochetti MM, et al.. Clinical obesity · Journal Article, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, Comparative Study

    Source: PubMed — incretin medicine trials and meta-analyses

  53. Peer-reviewed research

    Efficient Expression of Small Molecule Bioactive Peptides in Bacillus licheniformis

    Zhang H, Shao L, Feng Q, et al.. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · Journal Article

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  54. Peer-reviewed research Review

    Mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) activated by physical exercise as therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders: A systematic review

    Ayubi N, Wibawa JC, Kurnaz M, et al.. Physiology international · Journal Article, Systematic Review, Review

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  55. Peer-reviewed research Review

    MOTS-c in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms and translational potential

    Zhao Z, Chen W, Zheng X, et al.. European journal of pharmacology · Journal Article, Review

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  56. Peer-reviewed research

    Mitochondria-derived peptide hydrogel augments mitochondrial transplantation for promoting cardiac repair via macrophage metabolic reprogramming

    Li H, Zhang Y, Jian Y, et al.. Bioactive materials · Journal Article

    Source: PubMed — experimental peptides

  57. Peer-reviewed research Review

    Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis

    Falcão L, Brenner LBO, Machado Magalhães PL, et al.. Headache · Journal Article, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, Review

    Source: PubMed — incretin medicine trials and meta-analyses

  58. Peer-reviewed research Human trial

    Retatrutide-Associated Improvements in Cardiovascular Risk Biomarkers in Adults With Obesity With or Without Type 2 Diabetes

    Ruotolo G, Harris C, Lin Y, et al.. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial, Clinical Trial, Phase II

    Source: PubMed — incretin medicine trials and meta-analyses

  59. Peer-reviewed research Human trial

    Long-term safety of oral orforglipron in Japanese participants with type 2 diabetes (ACHIEVE-J): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, parallel-group phase 3 trial

    Yabe D, Shiraiwa T, Ugai H, et al.. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial, Multicenter Study, Clinical Trial, Phase III, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

    Source: PubMed — incretin medicine trials and meta-analyses

  60. Peer-reviewed research Human trial

    Efficacy of Luseogliflozin Added to Semaglutide in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised, Open-Label Trial

    Miyake T, Yoshida O, Furukawa S, et al.. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial, Multicenter Study

    Source: PubMed — incretin medicine trials and meta-analyses

Labels such as “Animal study” are added automatically from the title and summary and may be wrong.

Sources we collect from

Each source is non-commercial and listed with the reason we trust it.

European Medicines Agency — news Regulator
The EU medicines regulator. Authorisation opinions, safety reviews and alerts about falsified medicines.
U.S. FDA — press releases Regulator
The US medicines regulator. Approvals, compounding policy and enforcement actions.
U.S. FDA — drug news Regulator
FDA's drug-specific updates, including safety communications and compounding notices.
World Anti-Doping Agency — news Anti-doping
The body that maintains the Prohibited List, on which most of the experimental peptides on this site appear.
World Health Organization — news Public health
Global public-health guidance, including alerts on falsified GLP-1 medicines.
PubMed — incretin medicine trials and meta-analyses Peer-reviewed research
The US National Library of Medicine's index of peer-reviewed biomedical journals, restricted to randomised trials and meta-analyses.
PubMed — experimental peptides Peer-reviewed research
New indexed papers on the experimental compounds covered on this site, including animal studies (labelled as such).
PubMed — ageing and longevity trials Peer-reviewed research
Randomised trials and systematic reviews on ageing — the evidence standard the longevity claims made for peptides should meet.
Europe PMC — preprints Preprint — not peer-reviewed
Preprints indexed by Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI). Shown because they are often the first public data — and always labelled as not yet peer-reviewed.